Research data file formats

When planning your research project, it's important to choose appropriate file formats for storing your data. Your choice may depend on: 

• the software you plan to use
• the standards in your research field
• how others will access or reuse the data

How to choose the right file format

There are several factors to consider when choosing a file format.

Usability

• What your team has used before.
• How you’ll analyse or store the data.
• How easy it is to add metadata.

Compatibility

• If it works with your current and future software or hardware.
• Whether it’s a standard format in your field.

Longevity

• How easy it is to share the data.
• Whether the format might become obsolete.
• If you’ll still be able to open it in future.

File formats for long-term storage

If your discipline does not have a preferred format, consider using:

• XML, TXT, HTML or PDF/A (Archival PDF) for textual data
• CSV for spreadsheets and tabular data
• XML or CSV for databases
• TIFF, PNG or JPEG for images
• FLAC, WAV or MP3 for audio

Further guidance on choosing file formats

For more guidance on recommended formats for data sharing, reuse, and preservation, see:

• UK Data Service recommended file formats
• Library of Congress recommended formats